Ingredient: Fenugreek
Category: Herbs, Spices & Seasoning
Season: All
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a plant in the Family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as Venthayam (Tamil), menthulu (Telugu) or Methi (Bangla, Hindi, Marathi).
Fenugreek is used both as a herb (the leaves) and as a spice (the seed). It is cultivated worldwide as a semi-arid crop. It is frequently used in curry.
Use
Fenugreek seeds, the flavour is strong, so only a little is needed, and fenugreek is usually used as part of a blend with other spices.
The rhombic yellow to amber coloured fenugreek seed, commonly called Methi, is frequently used in the preparation of pickles, curry powders and pastes, and is often encountered in the cuisine of the Indian subcontinent.
The young leaves and sprouts of fenugreek are eaten as greens, and the fresh or dried leaves are used to flavour other dishes. The dried leaves (called kasuri methi) have a bitter taste and a strong characteristic smell.
In India,
Fenugreek seeds are mixed with yogurt and used as a conditioner for hair. It is one of the three ingredients of idli and dosa (Tamil). It is also one of the ingredients in the making of khakhra, a type of bread.
It is used in injera/taita, a type of bread unique to Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine.
The word for fenugreek in Amharic is abesh, and the seed is reportedly also often used in Ethiopia as a natural herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes.
It is also sometimes used as an ingredient in the production of clarified butter (Amharic: qibé, Ethiopian and Eritrean Tigrinya: tesme), which is similar to Indian ghee.
In Turkey,
fenugreek gives its name, çemen, to a hot paste used in pastirma. The same paste is used in Egypt for the same purpose. The Arabic word hulba (Helba in Egypt) for the seed resembles its Mandarin Chinese counterpart hu lu ba.
In Yemen
it is the main condiment and an ingredient added to the national dish called saltah. Fenugreek, or Şambélilé in Persian, is also one of four herbs used for the Iranian recipe Ghormeh Sabzi.
In Egypt,
fenugreek seeds are prepared as tea, by being boiled then sweetened. This is a popular winter drink served in coffee shops.
In other parts of the Middle East
fenugreek is used in a variety of sweet confections. A cake desert known as Helba is served in the islamic world is a tasty treat during islamic holidays. This is a semolina cake covered in sugar or maple-like syrup, then sprinkled with fenugreek seeds on top.
Jews customarily eat the fenugreek during the meal of the first and/or second night of Rosh Hashana (The New Year).
Fenugreek seeds
Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of the polysaccharide galactomannan. They are also a source of saponins such as diosgenin, yamogenin, gitogenin, tigogenin, and neotigogens. Other bioactive constituents of fenugreek include mucilage, volatile oils, and alkaloids such as choline and trigonelline.
A side effect of consuming even small amounts of fenugreek (even as just an infusion in water) is a maple syrup or curry smell in the eater's sweat and urine, which is caused by the potent aroma compound sotolone.
Fenugreek is frequently used in the production of flavouring for artificial syrups. The taste of toasted fenugreek is additionally based on substituted pyrazines, as is cumin. By itself, it has a somewhat bitter taste.
Fenugreek is mainly used as a digestive aid. Fenugreek seed is widely used as a galactagogue (milk producing agent) by nursing mothers to increase inadequate breast milk supply. It can be found in capsule form in many health food stores
Supplements of fenugreek seeds were shown to lower serum cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein in human patients and experimental models of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia (Basch et al., 2003).
Several human intervention trials demonstrated that the anti diabetic effects of fenugreek seeds ameliorate most metabolic symptoms associated with type-1 and type-2 diabetes in both humans and relevant animal models (Basch et al., 2003; Srinivas, 2005).
Fenugreek is currently available commercially in encapsulated forms and is being prescribed as dietary supplements for the control of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes by practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine.
Cautions
Use with caution or avoid if you have a history of:
Peanut or chickpea allergy: Fenugreek is in the same family with peanuts and chickpeas, and may cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. Two cases of fenugreek allergy have been reported in the literature. [Patil 1997, Ohnuma 1998, Lawrence 1999]
Diabetes or hypoglycemia: Fenugreek reduces blood glucose levels, and in the few studies using it as a hypoglycemic, also reduces blood cholesterol. Dosages higher than the recommended one (given above) may result in hypoglycemia in some mothers.
If you're diabetic (IDDM), use fenugreek only if you have good control of your blood glucose levels.
While taking this, closely monitor your fasting levels and post-prandial (after meals) levels.
Mothers with hypoglycemia should also use fenugreek with caution.
For more on fenugreek and glucose levels, see the references below.
Asthma: Fenugreek is often cited as a natural remedy for asthma. However, inhalation of the powder can cause asthma and allergic symptoms. Some mothers have reported that it worsened their asthma symptoms. [Dugue 1993, Huggins, Lawrence 1999].
Abnormal menstrual cycles: Fenugreek is considered to be an emmenagogue (promotes menstrual flow).
It may cause breakthrough menstrual bleeding; this source recommends using fenugreek with caution if you have a history of abnormal menstrual cycles.
Migraines: Fenugreek is often cited as a natural remedy for migraines. However, [White] indicates that it may trigger a migraine and/or contribute to the duration and severity of a migraine.
Blood pressure problems or heart disease: Fenugreek is commonly reported to lower blood pressure and LDL blood cholesterol levels. [White] indicates, however, that it may cause or contribute to hypertension (high blood pressure) - this source recommends avoiding this herb if you have a history of hypertension, or if there is a strong family history of hypertension or heart disease |